生态伦理视域下的野生动物保护

党的十八大以来,以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视生态文明建设,包括对野生动物的保护工作。但是,对野生动物的保护过程中依然存在一些问题,比如栖息地受到破坏和侵犯,野生动物资源被过度利用,环境污染影响到它们的生存繁衍等,由此也阻碍了人类社会的可持续发展。人们在探讨其背后的原因时,应该从生态伦理的视域进一步思考人与野生动物的关系以及人与自然的关系,坚持基于生态平等的生态和谐原则,基于生态自由的生态公正原则,基于生态良知的生态制度化原则,研究野生动物保护的策略,以道德的软约束和法律的硬制约共同指导人们的行为,更好地实现人与自然和谐共生。     

永善县五莲峰市级自然保护区生态质量评价

选用生物多样性、典型性、稀有性等指标对永善县五莲峰市级自然保护区生态质量进行评价研究。结果显示,保护区的综合评价分值为72,评价等级为Ⅱ级,其生态质量较好。根据单项评价结果,保护区生物多样性、典型性、自然性和面积适应性得分较高,稀有性、脆弱性和人为活动得分较低。根据评价结果,分析保护区目前存在的问题,提出遵循自然规律,科学合理规划,理顺管理体制,兼顾保护与可持续发展相结合等建议。     

Whole‐genome analysis identifying candidate genes of altitude adaptive ecological thresholds in yak populations

The domestic yak (Bos grunniens) is an iconic symbol of animal husbandry on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Long‐term domestication and natural selection have led to a wide distribution of yak, forming many ecological populations to adapt to the local ecological environment. High altitude is closely related to oxygen density, and it is an important environmental ecological factor for biological survival and livestock production. The aim of the present study was to perform a preliminary analysis to identify the candidate genes of altitude distribution adapted ecological thresholds in yak using next‐generation sequence technology. A total of 15,762,829 SNPs were obtained from 29 yaks with high‐ and low‐altitude distribution by genome‐wide sequencing. According to the results of the selective sweep analysis with FST and ZHp, 21 candidate genes were identified. 14 genes (serine/threonine protein kinase TNNI3K, TEN1, DYM, ITPR1, ZC4H2, KNTC1, ADGRB3, CLYBL, TANGO6, ASCC3, KLHL3, PDE4D, DEPDC1B and AGBL4) were grouped into 32 Gene Ontology terms, and four genes (RPS6KA6, ITPR1, GNAO1 and PDE4D) annotated in 35 pathways, including seven environmental information processing and one environmental adaptation. Therefore, the novel candidate genes found in the current study do not only support new theories about high‐altitude adaptation, but also further explain the molecular mechanisms of altitude adaptation threshold in yaks.     

池塘内循环流水养殖模式对黄颡鱼生长性能、形体指标、血清生化指标及肌肉营养成分的影响

为了综合评价池塘内循环流水养殖(IPA)模式在黄颡鱼养殖中的应用效果,选取IPA模式、常规池塘养殖(UPA)模式和野生环境(WE)下的黄颡鱼各50尾为研究对象,在养殖322 d后对其生长性能、形体指标、血清生化指标及肌肉营养成分差异进行比较。结果显示:1) IPA组黄颡鱼的成活率显著高于UPA组(P<0.05),但增重率和特定生长率略低于UPA组(P>0.05)。2) IPA组和WE组黄颡鱼的肥满度、肝体指数和脏体指数显著低于UPA组(P <0.05); IPA组的肥满度显著高于WE组(P<0.05),而肝体指数和脏体指数2组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。3) IPA组和UPA组血清中总蛋白含量显著低于WE组(P<0.05); IPA组血清中总胆红素、碱性磷酸酶、总胆汁酸和总胆固醇含量显著低于UPA组(P<0.05); IPA组血清中γ-谷氨酰基转移酶和谷草转氨酶活性显著高于WE组(P<0.05); IPA组血清中肌酐、葡萄糖含量显著低于UPA组(P<0.05)。4) IPA组和WE组肌肉中粗脂肪含量显著低于UPA组(P<0.05),但粗蛋白质含量显著高于UPA组(P<0.05); IPA组肌肉中氨基酸总量显著高于UPA组(P<0.05),而显著低于WE组(P<0.05); IPA组必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸总量显著高于UPA组(P <0.05); 3组黄颡鱼肌肉中第一限制性氨基酸均为苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸,且IPA组和WE组的必需氨基酸指数显著高于UPA组(P<0.05); IPA组和WE组黄颡鱼肌肉中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)和二十碳五烯酸(EPA)+二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量显著高于UPA组(P<0.05),且饱和脂肪酸总量显著低于UPA组(P<0.05)。由此得出,IPA组黄颡鱼具有较高的成活率,较好的体形,其肌肉营养品质优于UPA组黄颡鱼,且健康状况也优于UPA组黄颡鱼,但仍差于WE组黄颡鱼。因此,应进一步优化IPA的环境条件(如流速因子、养殖密度等)以及人工配合饲料配方以迎合消费者对于黄颡鱼营养和味道的需求。     

种植区环境对燕麦种质成株期白粉病抗性的影响

为探究种植区环境对燕麦种质成株期白粉病抗性的影响,利用相对抗病指数分别对种植在甘肃省半干旱区(甘肃农业大学兰州牧草试验站)和二阴地区(通渭县华家岭镇)的28份燕麦资源在田间自然感病条件的白粉病成株期抗性进行了鉴定和评价。结果表明:28份材料中4641和99AS207在两个试验点均表现为高抗,4607、Rigdon、DA92-3F4、青永久252、青永久9和青永久98等6份材料在两个试验点均表现为中抗,但4628、伽利略和青永久307在牧草站表现高抗白粉病,在华家岭表现高感,而709、青永久316、青永久49在牧草站高感白粉病,在华家岭表现高抗;所有参试材料中以4628的相对抗病指数变化最大,在华家岭和牧草站分别为0和0.92。结果表明种植区环境对燕麦白粉病抗性有显著影响,参试材料在半干旱地区的病害平均严重度高于二阴地区。     

Communal farmers’ ecological knowledge and perceptions of grasses in the central Eastern Cape province,South Africa: similarities with field studies and scientific knowledge and their implications

The local ecological knowledge (LEK) and perceptions of grasses were investigated in six semi-arid communal areas in the central Eastern Cape province, South Africa, and compared with field studies and scientific knowledge. Of the total of 21 grasses identified in the field survey, communal farmers had vernacular names only for 11 species. Respondents rated Digitaria eriantha and Pennisetum clandestinum to have the highest (p < 0.05) grazing value. Respondents’ ratings of Eragrostis obtusa and Sporobolus africanus as having similar (moderate) grazing values to Themeda triandra is against the established knowledge. Respondents’ ratings of T. triandra and S. africanus as having higher (p = 0.01) ecological value than the other grasses concur with the scientific knowledge, whereas their nomination of E. obtusa and D. eriantha as providing less ecological benefits than Aristida conjesta disagrees with some ecologists. The study hinted at the complementarity and discrepancies between LEK and scientific knowledge that need ratification. The respondents’ lack of detailed knowledge is suggestive of a gradual eroding of LEK among the local communities that will adversely impact the local people’s ability to implement sustainable rangeland utilisation practice. The current study also recognised farmers’ familiarity as well as training needs that would expound their knowledge and management of grasses.     

Understanding stakeholders’ opinions and preferences for non-native pet trade management in Florida

There is growing recognition of the link between the non-native pet trade and the introduction and establishment of invasive species due to the release and escape of non-native pets. However, it is unclear whether participants in the pet trade recognize the magnitude of this invasion risk. Successful mitigation of the pet trade invasion risk requires stakeholder support for, and participation in, regulations. We conducted 29 interviews in Florida to investigate key stakeholders’ opinions about the pet trade invasion risk and the effectiveness of potential regulations to mitigate this risk. Respondents framed the effectiveness of regulations in terms of their feasibility. Respondents also identified lack of trust and the existence of an adversarial relationship among stakeholder groups as major barriers to managing the pet trade invasion risk. Compliance with regulations may be improved if policy makers and managers utilize participatory decision-making to engage stakeholders in management of this risk.     

Validating a Time Series of Annual Grass Percent Cover in the Sagebrush Ecosystem

We mapped yearly (2000–2016) estimates of annual grass percent cover for much of the sagebrush ecosystem of the western United States using remotely sensed, climate, and geophysical data in regression-tree models. Annual grasses senesce and cure by early summer and then become beds of fine fuel that easily ignite and spread fire through rangeland systems. Our annual maps estimate the extent of these fuels and can serve as a tool to assist land managers and scientists in understanding the ecosystem’s response to weather variations, disturbances, and management. Validating the time series of annual maps is important for determining the usefulness of the data. To validate these maps, we compare Bureau of Land Management Assessment Inventory and Monitoring (AIM) data to mapped estimates and use a leave-one-out spatial assessment technique that is effective for validating maps that cover broad geographical extents. We hypothesize that the time series of annual maps exhibits high spatiotemporal variability because precipitation is highly variable in arid and semiarid environments where sagebrush is native, and invasive annual grasses respond to precipitation. The remotely sensed data that help drive our regression-tree model effectively measures annual grasses’ response to precipitation. The mean absolute error (MAE) rate varied depending on the validation data and technique used for comparison. The AIM plot data and our maps had substantial spatial incongruence, but despite this, the MAE rate for the assessment equaled 12.62%. The leave-one-out accuracy assessment had an MAE of 8.43%. We quantified bias, and bias was more substantial at higher percent cover. These annual maps can help management identify actions that may alleviate the current cycle of invasive grasses because it enables the assessment of the variability of annual grass ? percent cover distribution through space and time, as part of dynamic systems rather than static systems.     

人文因素视域下西藏草地退化问题研究

选择西藏藏北地区那曲市附近3个典型乡(镇)——那曲镇、罗玛镇、孔玛乡所属的行政村,采用参与式农村评估法中的半结构式访谈对当地的牧户进行了大量的问卷调查,以透过人文因素视角对草地生态问题进行研究,挖掘和剖析牧户特定的生态观念及生产方式,从而为该地区草地—家畜—人群生态体系和谐共处、生态环境脆弱性评价以及有针对性地进行草地生态保护提供参考依据。调查结果表明,70%的牧户认为草地质量变差,且65.0%的牧户认为鼠、虫害是造成草地退化的首要原因;在对草地退化所采取措施的认知中,21.7%的牧户认为应该减少牛、羊数量。